2.3.1 单片架构 (Monolithic Architecture)

Blockchains as we know them have four functions. In no particular order: 我们所知道的区块链有四个功能。排名不分先后：

• Execution: Execute transactions to make updates to the state. 执行：执行交易以更新状态。

• Settlement: Dispute resolution. 清算：争议解决。

• Consensus: Defines the state and validates that all nodes on the blockchain have the same state. 共识：定义状态并验证区块链上的所有节点都具有相同的状态。

• Data availability: Ensure block data has been published to the network. 数据可用性：确保区块数据已发布到网络。

Monolithic blockchains are a type of blockchain architecture that handle all four functions, at the same time, on this single layer.

单片区块链是一种区块链架构，可以在这个单一层上同时处理所有四个功能。

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单片的挑战 (Challenges with Monolithic)

Some constraints and challenges with a monolithic architecture:

单片架构的一些限制和挑战：

昂贵且低效的交易验证 (Costly and inefficient transaction verification)

In order to verify the validity of transactions in the chain, full nodes must download the entire chain and execute each transaction locally.

为了验证链中交易的有效性，全节点必须下载整个链并在本地执行每笔交易。

资源限制 (Resource constraints)

The blockchain is bound by the resource capacity of its nodes. Throughput is constrained by the resource requirements of a single node since the blockchain is replicated, not distributed, across nodes.

区块链受其节点资源容量的约束。吞吐量受 单个 节点的资源需求限制，因为区块链是跨节点复制的，而不是分布式的。

共享资源 (Shared resources)

In a monolithic architecture, the four functions of the chain operate on the same finite set of compute resources. For example, using a node's capacity for execution means that there's less capacity left over for data availability.

在整体架构中，链的四个功能在相同的有限计算资源集上运行。例如，使用节点的执行能力意味着留给数据可用性的能力更少。

可扩展性 (Scalability)

Scalability is defined as the ratio of throughput to decentralization. To increase throughput—the number transactions per second—you have to increase bandwidth, compute, and storage capacity, which pushes up the cost to run a full node as a user. This is not scalability, as it reduces the number of people who can run a full node to validate the chain.

可扩展性即吞吐量与去中心化的比率。要增加吞吐量——每秒的交易数量——你必须增加带宽、计算和存储容量，这会推高以用户身份运行完整节点的成本。这不是可扩展的，因为它减少了可以运行完整节点来验证链的人数。